A 72-year-old woman presents to the pre-operative clinic for evaluation before her scheduled elective transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) surgery. She is scheduled to have this procedure under conscious sedation, as opposed to general anaesthetic. She has a history of left-sided heart failure and worsening symptoms over the past six months. She is taking furosemide, bisoprolol, and ramipril in order to manage his symptoms.